If a water sample is run through a strongly acidic cation exchanger, all of the cations are replaced with hydrogen ions, thus producing the corresponding free acids in equivalent quantities (total mineral acid value). Since the carbonates and bicarbonates are transformed into carbon dioxide and therefore escape determination, their content must be determined through titration with acid to a pH of 4.3 (m value).
This method describes how to calculate the concentration of sodium and potassium ions in water.
Since analyses for determining the concentrations of sodium and potassium ions in water require considerable effort, and these ions are not very relevant for evaluating the suitability of water for the processes of brewing and malting, a simple calculation will suffice. The difference in the concentrations of anions and cations in the water is determined, allowing the calculation to be performed under the assumption that only sodium ions are present in the water.
All alkaline cleaning solutions or "stack solutions" that contain sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as well as dissolved aluminum and/or soda (Na2CO3) in addition to free chlorine.
Alkaline cleaning agents and disinfectants containing chlorine can be determined by their alkalinity concentration. The chlorine present destroys most indicators by oxidation. Before adding the indicator, the chlorine must be eliminated by adding sodium thiosulphate to the sample.
Determination of the concentration of alkaline cleaners on quicklime (CaO) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) without soda (Na2CO3).
Determination of the quicklime (CaO) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) content of the detergent solution with an acid solution (HCl or H2SO4) with corresponding equivalent concentration (normality) up to the color change of phenolphthalein (pH 8.2).
Quicklime
CaO + H2O |
→ Ca(OH)2 |
|
Ca(OH)2 + 2 HCl |
→ CaCl2 + H2O |
colorless against phenolphthalein |
Ca(OH)2 + H2SO4 |
→ CaSO4 + 2 H2O |
colorless against phenolphthalein |
Sodium hydroxide
NaOH + HCl |
→ NaCl + H2O |
colorless against phenolphthalein |
2 NaOH + H2SO4 |
→ Na2SO4 + 2 H2O |
colorless against phenolphthalein |
Determination of the concentration of alkaline cleaners in sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and soda (Na2CO3).
All alkaline cleaning solutions or "batch solutions" that contain soda (Na2CO3) as a cleaning component in addition to sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
If the alkaline solution is likely to be strongly influenced by carbonic acid or if the cleaning solutions are used over a longer period of time ('batch cleaning'), the degree of carbonation must be taken into account to determine the exact concentration or pH value, as the resulting soda has a greatly reduced cleaning effect, but simulates an excessively high concentration of the active cleaning agent.
Determine the sodium hydroxide (NaOH) content of the detergent solution with an acid solution (HCl or H2SO4) with corresponding normality up to the color change of phenolphthalein (pH 8.2).
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O colorless against phenolphthalein
2 NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2 H2O
Determination of the soda ash (Na2CO3) content of the detergent solution with an acid solution (HCl or H2SO4) with corresponding normality up to the color change from methyl orange (pH 4.3).
Na2CO3 + HCl → NaHCO3 + NaCl
NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O + CO2 yellowish brown against methyl orange
2 Na2CO3 + H2SO4 → 2 NaHCO3 + Na2SO4
2 NaHCO3 + H2SO4 → 2 Na2SO4 + H2O + 2 CO2
Determination of the concentration of alkaline cleaners in sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and aluminum (Al).
All alkaline cleaning solutions or "stack solutions" that contain dissolved aluminum (Al3+) and/or soda (Na2CO3) in addition to sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a cleaning component.
The sodium hydroxide bound as aluminate and titrated in the p-value determination is calculated by subsequent determination of the aluminum and deducted, as it is no longer available for purification.
The aluminum determination itself is based on the reaction between aluminum hydroxide and sodium fluoride, in which sodium hydroxide is released and thus serves as a measure for calculating the aluminum.
Carbonates interfering with the titration are precipitated with Ba2+ ions.